Cardiac Output (CO) Monitoring

Cardiac Output (CO) Monitoring

Cardiac Output (CO) Monitoring

 

Cardiac output (CO) is the amount of blood that is ejected from the heart per minute. Monitoring the components of CO allows clinicians to assess if there is a sufficient volume of blood in the body to transport oxygen. Monitoring CO can help clinicians manage fluids, monitor therapeutic interventions, and improve patient outcomes.1

CO monitoring, along with other advanced hemodynamic parameters, is available through the Masimo LiDCO™ Hemodynamic Monitoring System.

Fluid Optimization

Fluid Optimization

 

Fluid administration is one of the most common interventions made to increase CO. However, fluid administration should be balanced to avoid both hypovolemia and hypervolemia, which have both been associated with negative outcomes.2

Graph of fluid optimization

Components of Oxygen Delivery

Components of Oxygen Delivery

 

Oxygen delivery (DO2) is the amount of oxygen delivered to the tissues, calculated as the product of CO and oxygen content (CaO2).

CO is calculated by multiplying the stroke volume (SV) by the patient’s heart rate (HR). SV is the amount of blood pumped by the left ventricle of the heart in one contraction.

DO2 and CaO2 are influenced by the patient's Oxygen Saturation (SaO2) and Hemoglobin (Hb).

Oxygen delivery graph

Normal Hemodynamic Parameters3-7

Parameter Equation Normal Range
Oxygen Delivery (DO2) CaO2 x CO x 10 950-1150 mL/min
Cardiac Output (CO) HR x SV/1000 4.0 – 8.0 L/min
Oxygen Content (CaO2) (0.0138 x Hgb x SaO2) + (0.0031 x PaO2) 17 – 20 mL/dL
Stroke Volume (SV) N/A 60 – 100 mL/beat
Oxygen Saturation (SaO2) N/A 95 – 100%
Total Hemoglobin (Hb) N/A Men: 13.8-17.2 g/dL
Women: 12.1-15.1 g/dL
Heart Rate (HR) N/A Range varies based on patient status (resting vs. active, age, etc.)

PulseCO™ Algorithm Technology Overview

PulseCO™ Algorithm Technology Overview

 

The PulseCO™ algorithm provides continuous beat-to-beat CO and SV by analyzing a blood pressure waveform. The algorithm is based on physics and physiological principles and focuses on pulse power analysis rather than waveform shape or contour. Unlike other arterial pressure algorithms, PulseCO is not based on statistics and assumptions about vascular compliance, nor on the detection of the dicrotic notch, which is often a challenge with peripheral arterial signals. As a result, the PulseCO algorithm avoids the limitations of other pulse pressure or contour-based hemodynamic monitoring technologies.

The current gold standard in hemodynamic monitoring, although not as commonly used due to its invasiveness, is the pulmonary artery catheter (PAC). The PulseCO algorithm has been validated against the PAC demonstrating a good agreement between the two methods.8,9

In addition, the precision of the PulseCO algorithm to trend changes in stroke volume has been evaluated in a number of clinical situations, including on: general surgical patients10 and during high cardiac output,11 hyperdynamic liver transplant,12 post-operative care,13,14 congestive heart failure,15,16 pre-eclampsia,17 and intensive care.18-20

Graph of PulseCO Algorithm Technology

PulseCO Clinical Evidence

PulseCO Clinical Evidence

 

Reductions in 30-Day and 180-Day Mortality

In a study comparing the outcomes of 600 emergency laparotomy patients, researchers found that, following the implementation of a program including LiDCO Monitoring with PulseCO technology, there was a significant decrease in mortality at 30 days (from 21.8 to 15.5%) and 180 days (from 29.5 to 22.2%).21

Masimo - LiDCO 30 Day graph
Masimo - LiDCO 180 Day graph

Reductions in Postoperative Complications and Costs

In a randomized, controlled trial of 743 patients undergoing major abdominal surgery, researchers found hemodynamic optimization with LiDCO Monitoring with PulseCO technology led to a 20% reduction in postoperative complications and, as a result, patients monitored with LiDCO Monitoring with PulseCO technology were on average $530 less expensive to treat than control patients who were not monitored.1

References:

  1. 1.

    Pearse R et al.  JAMA 2014; 311(21):2181-90. 

  2. 2.

    Bellamy MC. Br J Anaesth. 2006 Dec;97(6):755-7.

  3. 3.

    Burns, S. M., & Delgado, S. A. (2019). AACN essentials of critical care nursing (4th ed.). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill.

  4. 4.

    Diepenbrock, N. H. (2015). Quick reference to critical care (5th ed.). Philadelphia, PA: Wolters Kluwer.

  5. 5.

    Jones, J., & Fix, B. (2015). Critical care notes: Clinical pocket guide (2nd ed.). Philadelphia, PA: FA Davis.

  6. 6.

    Urden, L. D., Stacy, K. M., & Lough, M. E. (2020). Priorities in critical care nursing (8th ed.). St. Louis, MO: Elsevier.

  7. 7.

    World Health Organization Global Database on Anaemia. 2008.

  8. 8.

    Pittman J et al. Crit Care Med. 2005;33(9):2015-2021

  9. 9.

    Costa et al. Intens Care Med. 2007. DOI 10.1007/s00134-007-0878-6 P1.8

  10. 10.

    Heller et al. Anesth. Analg. 2002;93,SCA1-SCA112

  11. 11.

    Hallowell et al. Vet Anaes & Analgesia. 2005 32, 201-211

  12. 12.

    Costa et al. Intens Care Med. 2007. DOI 10.1007/s00134-007-0878-6 P1.8

  13. 13.

    Pitman et al. Crit Care Med. 2005 33 (9) 2015-2021

  14. 14.

    Hamilton et al. Ann Thorac Surg. 2002 74:S1408-12

  15. 15.

    Kemps et al.  J App Physio. 2008. 105: 1822-1829

  16. 16.

    Mora et al. Anes. 2011 vol 66(8): 675-681

  17. 17.

    Dyer et al. Anes. 2008; 108:802–11

  18. 18.

    Jonas et al. Crit Care. 2010 14(1), p102

  19. 19.

    Brass et al. Crit Care. 2011; 15(Suppl 1): P62.

  20. 20.

    Cecconi et al. Intens Care Med. 2008; 35 : 498 – 504

  21. 21.

    Tengberg LT et al. Br J Surg 2017; 104:463-471. 

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PLCO-005135/PLM-13197A-0721